State and federal budgets are inseparably linked. The federal share of state revenue indicator measures how much funding states receive from the U.S. government to help pay for key public services such as health care, education, public safety, and infrastructure. State-by-state findings reflect the portion of each state’s total revenue that comes from federal funds each year.
Updated: September 10, 2024
Record Federal Grants to States Keep Federal Share of State Budgets High
The share of states’ total revenue coming from federal funds remained elevated in fiscal year 2022, fueled by pandemic aid dollars and infrastructure investments. Total federal grants to states topped $1 trillion for the first time, but amid soaring state tax collections, their share of state budgets declined slightly from a record high in fiscal 2021. The share of state revenue coming from federal funds is likely to stay elevated through fiscal 2024 as the temporary factors that have lifted state tax revenue in recent years fade and the remaining pandemic aid and other aid packages buoy federal grants.
Trends in federal funding
In fiscal 2022, 36.4% of states’ revenue came from federal dollars, down from a record high of 36.7% the previous fiscal year. The share grew in 30 states compared with fiscal 2021 and in 48 states compared with fiscal 2019, just before the pandemic.
A spike in state tax revenue that peaked in fiscal 2022 diminished the effect of increased pandemic aid on the federal share of state revenue. States’ fiscal 2022 tax collections increased by 16.7% compared with a year earlier. Temporary factors—such as unprecedented federal support to businesses and individuals in the form of stimulus checks and a shift in personal spending from often-untaxed services to often-taxable purchases of goods—helped lift state tax revenue.
Historically, the federal share of state revenue has ranged from about a quarter to a third. Before the pandemic, the highest share occurred just after the 2007-09 recession, when a temporary influx of federal dollars and falling state tax revenue pushed the federal share to 35.5% in fiscal 2010 and 34.7% in fiscal 2011. The fiscal 2022 share was 4.4 percentage points higher than the 20-year average of 32% for fiscal 2003-22 and 11.4 percentage points higher than the fiscal 1981-2000 average of 25%. In the period between the 2007-09 Great Recession and the pandemic, Medicaid was a major driver of the long-term growth of the federal share because of states’ participation in Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act as well as an overall increase in Medicaid enrollment. As of May 2024, 40 states and Washington, D.C., had adopted the expansion.
The federal share of state revenue reflects how much funding states receive from the U.S. government to help pay for public services, such as health care, education and training, transportation, and infrastructure. The indicator measures the combined effects of swings in state and federal funds. A higher or lower percentage does not necessarily indicate a problem for state budgets.
Nationwide, states received 60.8% more in federal grants in fiscal 2022 than they did just before the pandemic—ranging from 130.5% more in South Dakota to 32.8% more in California. The federal government, via six pieces of legislation, awarded states more than $800 billion in COVID-19 relief, which will continue to flow to states over the next few years. Additionally, fiscal 2022 was the first year states were eligible for the more than $760 billion authorized through the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the Inflation Reduction Act. These funds are likely to keep federal grants to states elevated as pandemic aid expires.
State highlights
Federal shares vary across the country. Fiscal 2022 data shows that:
- Louisiana reported the highest percentage of revenue from federal funds (50.5%).
- Comparatively, North Dakota reported the lowest percentage (22.2%).
- The percentage of state revenue from federal funds in states with the largest federal shares—Louisiana (50.5%), Alaska (50.2%), and Arizona (49.7%)—was roughly double what it was in those with the lowest shares: North Dakota (22.2%), Hawaii (25.9%), and Virginia (27.6%).
- Federal funds, rather than state tax dollars, accounted for the largest source of revenue in 16 states, up from five states in fiscal 2019 and 15 in fiscal 2021. In fiscal 2020, federal funds made up the largest share in 18 states, the most on record.
- California and Montana were the only states where the federal share of state revenue was lower in fiscal 2022 than in fiscal 2019.
- 20 states reported their largest share of revenue from federal funds of any year in the past 50 years.
- South Dakota experienced the biggest annual percentage-point growth in the federal share of state revenue, up 11 percentage points from fiscal 2021. This swing was related to the timing of receiving and spending federal pandemic aid.
- North Dakota experienced the biggest annual percentage-point decline, with the federal share falling 17.5 percentage points from fiscal 2021.
Federal funds compared with other revenue sources
Federal dollars remained the second-largest source of states’ revenue in fiscal 2022, accounting for $1.1 trillion, or roughly 36.4%, of the $3.1 trillion that state governments collected. Tax collections are states’ leading revenue generator and reached $1.5 trillion in fiscal 2022—making up nearly half of state revenue.
Why Pew assesses the federal share of state revenue
State revenue comes from a wide range of sources, including taxes, federal funds, service charges, local funds, and miscellaneous fees. Federal funds generally make up a large proportion of overall revenue—historically ranging from about a quarter to a third. Because state and federal budgets are inseparably linked, any policy changes, major pieces of legislation, or disruptions in federal funding can affect state finances in many ways.
The recent influx of federal aid highlights the value of careful planning, particularly with one-time dollars, in helping states avoid future fiscal risks. A 2023 report from The Pew Charitable Trusts provides recommendations to help states reduce their exposure to fiscal risks when spending one-time federal aid.
Rebecca Thiess is a manager and Kate Watkins is an associate with The Pew Charitable Trusts’ managing fiscal risks project. Justin Theal is a senior officer with Pew’s Fiscal 50 project.
Notes
Data is for each state’s fiscal year, which ends June 30 in all but four states: Alabama (fiscal year ends Sept. 30), Michigan (Sept. 30), New York (March 31), and Texas (Aug. 31).
The recessions depicted in Figure 1 are based on a state fiscal year running from July to June and so is slightly off for the four states with different fiscal years. Additionally, because each annual data point represents the end—not the beginning—of the fiscal year, the shading appears at the left of the annual data point to show when the U.S. economy was in recession. For more details on recession timing, see the business cycle dating from the National Bureau of Economic Research.
The U.S. Census Bureau recently updated its historical data for states’ sources of revenue within its Annual Survey of State Government Finances, going back to 1996. Although the updates did not result in significant changes to the 50-state trend, they may have affected some individual state trends.
Numbers are rounded to the nearest tenth of a percent. Because of rounding, differences between the shares shown in the analysis and charts may contrast slightly from differences in the raw data.
Pew’s analysis is based on states’ sources of revenue data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State Government Finances.
Data for the federal share of state revenue is drawn from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of State Government Finances. These surveys provide yearly data on states’ revenue, including tax revenue, higher education tuition, hospital fees, and revenue from federal and local government sources. To calculate the federal share of each state’s revenue, this indicator divides the total amount of federal revenue to the state, most of which is in the form of grants, by the total amount of state revenue for the year. The denominator is the Census Bureau’s "general revenue," which is broader than what most state budget officials call "general fund" revenue. General revenue accounts for all state revenue sources except state-owned liquor stores, utilities, and insurance trust funds. The 50-state share is the total amount of federal grants to states divided by the total amount of states’ revenue, excluding the revenue sources previously noted.
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