Note: These data have been updated. To see the most recent data and analysis, visit Fiscal 50.
The strength of states’ recovery since the Great Recession has varied. North Dakota and a group of mostly Western states have recorded three times the rate of growth in total personal income as last-place Connecticut. Notably, every state posted gains in this key economic indicator in the third quarter of 2018 compared with a year earlier.
The national recovery has been long-running, but growth in total U.S. personal income is still off its historic pace. As of the third quarter of 2018, the combined personal income of U.S. residents rose by the equivalent of 1.9 percent a year over the 10-plus years since the recession began, compared with the equivalent of 2.3 percent over the past 20 years, after accounting for inflation.
The rates represent the constant pace at which inflation-adjusted state personal income would need to grow each year to reach the most recent level and are one way of tracking a state’s economy. Trends in personal income matter to state governments because tax revenue and spending demands may rise or fall along with residents’ incomes. These statewide sums are aggregates and should not be used to describe trends for individuals and households.
After tumbling nationwide except in West Virginia during the depths of the recession, personal income totals have recovered in all states but have grown at far different rates.
Eight states’ growth since the start of recession beat the 20-year U.S. rate as of the third quarter of 2018, and nearly all were in the West. North Dakota once again led; the sum of its residents’ personal income has increased the equivalent of 3.2 percent a year. Connecticut and four other states recorded the weakest recovery, with growth rates at or below the equivalent of 1 percent a year. None of those states are in the West.
Since a slowdown in 2016, growth has accelerated and gains have been more widespread. In the third quarter of 2018, every state saw its personal income totals increase from a year earlier, which was the second time that happened in 2018 but just the sixth time since the expansion began in mid-2009. These results are based on estimates and subject to revision, as is Pew’s ranking of growth rates for state personal income.
Personal income estimates include wages and salaries, which make up about half of the total, and other income received by state residents, such as earnings from owning a business and property income, as well as benefits provided by employers or the government, such as Social Security checks and Medicaid and Medicare coverage. State personal income does not include realized or unrealized capital gains, such as those from stock market investments.
The constant annual growth rate for each state’s aggregate, inflation-adjusted personal income since the fourth quarter of 2007 (when the 2007-09 recession began) to the third quarter of 2018 shows:
Estimated change in each state’s aggregate, inflation-adjusted personal income in the third quarter of 2018 from a year earlier (subject to data revisions) shows:
Use of constant annual growth rates allows comparisons of states’ economic performance since the recession, which lasted from December 2007 to June 2009. However, personal income did not actually change at a steady pace, instead falling in some years and rising in others.
Viewed by calendar year, inflation-adjusted personal income fell in eight states in 2008 but in 49 states in 2009, with West Virginia the only state to escape the 18-month recession without a calendar-year drop. The country rebounded over the next three years until 2013, when personal income fell in 40 states, in part because many taxpayers shifted the timing of income in reaction to federal tax changes. Weak earnings in industries such as farming and energy weighed down personal income and helped account for declines in 11 states in 2016. A rebound added to growth in all but two states in 2017: North Dakota and South Dakota.
Over the past decade, Delaware and North Dakota have endured the most frequent drops, with personal income falling in five of the 10 years. However, Delaware has not had a decline since 2013, while North Dakota’s annual total personal income most recently fell in 2015, 2016, and 2017. The fewest decreases over the 10 years were in Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Utah, and Washington. Their personal income fell just once, in 2009.
Personal income sums up residents’ paychecks, Social Security benefits, employers’ contributions to retirement plans and health insurance, income from rent and other property, and benefits from public assistance programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, among other items. Personal income excludes capital gains.
Federal officials use state personal income to determine how to allocate support to states for certain programs, including funds for Medicaid. State governments use personal income statistics to project tax revenue for budget planning, set spending limits, and estimate the need for public services.
Growth in personal income should not be interpreted solely as wage growth; wages and salaries account for about half of U.S. personal income. Likewise, growth in total state personal income should not be seen as a measure of how much the income of average residents has changed. Other measures should be used to approximate income growth for individuals, such as state personal income per capita or household income based on different data.
Looking at state gross domestic product, which measures the value of all goods and services produced within a state, would yield different insights on state economies.
Download the data to see state-by-state growth rates for personal income from 2007 through the third quarter of 2018. Visit Pew’s interactive resource Fiscal 50: State Trends and Analysis to sort and analyze data for other indicators of state fiscal health.