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S. Diaz et al., “Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services” (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, 2019), https://www.ipbes.net/system/tdf/ipbes_7_10_add-1-_advance_0.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=35245.
G.J. Edgar et al., “Global Conservation Outcomes Depend on Marine Protected Areas With Five Key Features,” Nature 506 (2014): 216, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13022.
E. Sala and S. Giakoumi, “No-Take Marine Reserves Are the Most Effective Protected Areas in the Ocean,” ICES Journal of Marine Science75, no. 3 (2018): 1166-68, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx059.
K.D. Nichols, L. Segui, and K.A. Hovel, “Effects of Predators on Sea Urchin Density and Habitat Use in a Southern California Kelp Forest,” Marine Biology 162, no. 6 (2015): 1227-37, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-015-2664-2; S. Giakoumi et al., “Ecological Effects of Full and Partial Protection in the Crowded Mediterranean Sea: A Regional Meta-Analysis,” Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (2017): 8940, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28827603.
Sala and Giakoumi, “No-Take Marine Reserves Are the Most Effective Protected Areas in the Ocean.”
C.M. Roberts et al., “Marine Reserves Can Mitigate and Promote Adaptation to Climate Change,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 24 (2017): 6167-75, http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/114/24/6167.full.pdf.
Ibid.; C.T. Perry et al., “Remote Coral Reefs Can Sustain High Growth Potential and May Match Future Sea-Level Trends,” Scientific Reports 5 (2015): 18289, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26669758.
B.C. O’Leary and C.M. Roberts, “The Structuring Role of Marine Life in Open Ocean Habitat: Importance to International Policy,” Frontiers in Marine Science 4, no. 268 (2017), https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00268.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
K.M. Gjerde and A. Rulska-Domino, “Marine Protected Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction: Some Practical Perspectives for Moving Ahead,” International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27, no. 2 (2012): 351-73, https://doi.org/10.1163/157180812X633636.
Ibid.
G. Ortuño Crespo and D.C. Dunn, “A Review of the Impacts of Fisheries on Open-Ocean Ecosystems,” ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 9 (2017): 2283-97, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx084; J.R. Spotila et al., “Pacific Leatherback Turtles Face Extinction,” Nature405, no. 6786 (2000): 529-30, https://doi.org/10.1038/35014729.
Spotila et al., “Pacific Leatherback Turtles Face Extinction.”
E. Popova et al., “Ecological Connectivity Between the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction and Coastal Waters: Safeguarding Interests of Coastal Communities in Developing Countries,” Marine Policy 104 (2019): 90-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.02.050.
N.C. Ban et al., “Systematic Conservation Planning: A Better Recipe for Managing the High Seas for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use,” Conservation Letters 7, no. 1 (2014): 41-54, https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12010.
Marine Conservation Institute, “Atlas of Marine Protection: Global MPAs,” accessed May 14, 2019, http://www.mpatlas.org/map/mpas.