When the Port State Measures Agreement (PSMA) entered into force in 2016, the United Nations hailed it as the beginning of a new era in the fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Over 25 governments had ratified or otherwise signed on to the treaty, surpassing the threshold needed to bring it into force. That number has more than doubled in the years since. But can a single treaty create a mechanism strong enough to combat widespread disregard for fisheries laws and policies? We believe the answer is yes, but the agreement is only as good as the parties that adhere to and enforce it.
The treaty—formally the Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing—is the first legally binding international agreement targeting this illicit activity, which accounts for up to $23.5 billion worth of seafood each year, or up to 1 in every 5 wild-caught fish.
The PSMA, adopted in 2009 by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), requires parties to place tighter controls on foreign-flagged vessels seeking to enter and use their ports to land or transship fish. Global participation is critical to the success of the PSMA. As governments sign on to the agreement and show commitment to the fight against IUU fishing, the gaps allowing illegal fishers to slip through will diminish. Consistent international momentum over the past few years has boosted the number of parties to the agreement, making it increasingly difficult for illegitimate catch to make its way to national and international markets and reducing the incentive for dishonest fishing operators to continue their IUU activities. The seafood industry also plays an important role, because seafood buyers can show preference to ports in countries that have ratified the agreement.
Particular attention also must be paid to PSMA implementation to ensure that commitments are followed through with effective action and proper application of the provisions of the agreement. Countries are finding that the agreement is a cost-effective tool for fighting illegal fishing. Sending patrol vessels to track and potentially arrest illegal operators on the open ocean is expensive and dangerous. By comparison, monitoring at port is safer and less costly.
To get their catch from ship to shelf, fishers involved in IUU operations have traditionally relied on a range of tactics and loopholes in national law and management procedures. They have exploited ports known for lax law enforcement or limited capacity to carry out proper inspection operations. The PSMA is changing that. Parties to the agreement can refuse entry to their ports or access to port services, including landing and transshipping fish, to foreign-flagged vessels known to have engaged in IUU fishing. When entering port, such vessels are subject to immediate inspection, and those results are shared with other relevant States and organizations to facilitate cooperation in enforcement actions. By ratifying or acceding to the agreement, countries are sending a clear message that their ports are no longer open to illegal catch.
Most regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) also regulate member nations’ port State controls as part of their management measures. This ensures that these governments have minimum standards in place, regardless of whether they are a party to the PSMA.
A collaborative approach by all stakeholders can help ports block illegal fishers from landing their catch and prevent illicitly caught seafood from entering the supply chain.
By adhering to the PSMA, port States demonstrate that they take their responsibilities seriously and ensure continued access to important markets where seafood buyers are committed to stopping IUU fishing.
iStockphotoBecoming a party to this agreement and implementing effective port State measures involves costs, but there are many direct and indirect advantages as well. Among the benefits are:
Port controls are safer, less costly, and demonstrate a more active approach than conventional monitoring, control, and surveillance methods.
Luke DugglebyBeing a party to the agreement signals a country’s willingness to fight IUU fishing, but it is equally necessary to implement its provisions.
States, intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations are coming together to help parties bridge gaps in their legal, institutional and operational capacity to enforce the agreement. This work includes aligning legislation to the PSMA’s requirements, establishing mechanisms for prosecuting IUU offenders, training staff on port inspection standards and instituting policies and technology for exchanging information.
In May 2017, parties met to begin clarifying how to implement the agreement. Representatives plan to meet biennially to continue this work, with technical working groups gathering in the meantime. These efforts include the administration of a fund to help developing countries assess their monitoring, control and surveillance systems, improve interagency cooperation and strengthen their institutional frameworks.
Being a party to the agreement signals a country’s willingness to fight illegal fishing, but it is equally necessary to implement its provisions.
Application of the PSMA is not limited to parties. To eliminate IUU fishing, all States must track the operations of vessels flying their flags, and coastal States must monitor their waters. And both must verify and exchange information with port States so they can make informed decisions.
While governments ratify and implement the agreement, seafood buyers have a role to play, too. Buyers can institute policies that give preference to ports whose States are party to the PSMA, as they are associated with less risk in the due diligence process. Industry can play an integral role in educating States that have not yet ratified the agreement about its importance by evaluating the controls they have in place to prevent IUU fish from being landed, particularly during port visits.
A collaborative approach by all stakeholders can help ports block IUU fishers from landing their catch and prevent illicitly caught seafood from entering the supply chain, ensuring that ports are no longer a weak point in the global fight against IUU fishing.
For further information, please visit: pewtrusts.org/endillegalfishing